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spørsmålet		svaret
Culture as "the cultivation of plants" begynn å lære		was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
Culture as "production of bacteria" begynn å lære		evolved in late 19th century
Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" begynn å lære		was popular in 19th century
Culture in learning and taste begynn å lære		makes the intellectual side of civilization
Culture is closely connected to... begynn å lære		"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
How many definitions of culture are there in general? begynn å lære		300
How many distinct themes are there in culture? begynn å lære		7
First distinct in culture: begynn å lære		Structure/pattern
Second distinct in culture: begynn å lære		Function
Third distinct in culture: begynn å lære		Process
Fourth distinct in culture: begynn å lære		Product
Fifth distinct in culture: begynn å lære		Refinement
Sixth distinct in culture: begynn å lære		Group-membership
Seventh distinct in culture: begynn å lære		Power
What is connected to structure as a system of elements? begynn å lære		way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
What is the function of culture? begynn å lære		It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
Continuous social construction of culture involves: begynn å lære		- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
What is a cultural text? begynn å lære		anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? begynn å lære		instruction and moral progress
What is instruction? begynn å lære		care given to development of the mind
What is moral progress? begynn å lære		stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
What is group-membership? begynn å lære		definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
How does power show in culture? begynn å lære		Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
How does power manifest in culture? begynn å lære		Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
Culture is... begynn å lære		learned and acquired.
Socio-cultural patterns... begynn å lære		are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
Socio-cultural patterns are learned... begynn å lære		from family member, groups and societies people live in.
Cultures of human beings are influenced by... begynn å lære		the physical and social environment through which they operate.
Culture is shared by... begynn å lære		a group of people.
A thought or action... begynn å lære		may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
Why is culture cumulative? begynn å lære		Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
Why is culture dynamic? begynn å lære		Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
Culture is diversified but... begynn å lære		constitutes as a whole.
Culture is a system that has... begynn å lære		many mutually interdependent parts.
Parts of culture are seperate but... begynn å lære		they form a unified whole.
Two stages of socialisation: begynn å lære		primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
Define primary socialisation. begynn å lære		It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
What does primary socialisation involve? begynn å lære		Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
Define secondary socialisation. begynn å lære		It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
Components of critical cultural studies are: begynn å lære		Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
What is production and political economy doing? begynn å lære		Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
What are culture studies? begynn å lære		Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
What do cultural studies combine? begynn å lære		It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
What do cultural studies use? begynn å lære		It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
What do cultural studies aim to? begynn å lære		It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
What are the significant issues of cultural studies? begynn å lære		an equal treatment of high and low culture
A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: begynn å lære		The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
Why is culture multi-discursive? begynn å lære		It includes numerous "languages".
Define discourse. begynn å lære		It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
What are the examples of discourses? begynn å lære		A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
What is the key to analyse culture? begynn å lære		The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? begynn å lære		Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
What does culture include? begynn å lære		Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... begynn å lære		lived cultures or practices.
Why is culture a social phenomenon? begynn å lære		It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
Texts of culture... begynn å lære		are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
A text is... begynn å lære		anything that produces meaning.
Define polysemic. begynn å lære		To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
What is Industrialisation? begynn å lære		The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? begynn å lære		2
The dates of the first Industrial Revolution begynn å lære		1760-1830
The second Industrial Revolution took place in: begynn å lære		The late 19th and 20th centuries.
Mass production is... begynn å lære		the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
Mass production can't exist without... begynn å lære		mass consumption.
Mass production process... begynn å lære		is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
Modernisation is... begynn å lære		the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
Urbanisation is... begynn å lære		the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? begynn å lære		1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
What was the first book written and when? begynn å lære		Guttenberg Bible, 1465
What was the first newspaper and when was it published? begynn å lære		Oxford Gazette, 1665
The first magazine published and when? begynn å lære		American Magazine, 1741
When was telegraph invented? begynn å lære		1844
What was the first movie and when was it published? begynn å lære		"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
When was the first station on air and how was it called? begynn å lære		KDKA in 1920
When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? begynn å lære		W3XK in 1928
When did the internet start working around? begynn å lære		1992
Define "popular". begynn å lære		from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
1540's definition of popularity: begynn å lære		"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
1570's definition of popularity: begynn å lære		"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
1859's definition of popularity: begynn å lære		"low, affordable to average persons"
1600's definition of popularity: begynn å lære		"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
The definition of popularity from 1819: begynn å lære		"favoured by people generally"
Popular culture is... begynn å lære		culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
Examples of high culture: begynn å lære		classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
Examples of low culture: begynn å lære		food, entertainment, sports and shopping
Culture is diverse and... begynn å lære		difficult to categorize.
A cultural skyscraper... begynn å lære		involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
The opera... begynn å lære		was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
The opera house... begynn å lære		became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
Opera was transformed from... begynn å lære		popular entertainment into high culture.
Commercial culture is... begynn å lære		mass-produced for mass consumption.
Who is the audience of commercial culture? begynn å lære		Dumb consumers.
What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? begynn å lære		It's imitative and manipulative.
Commercial culture is connected to... begynn å lære		Americanization of global culture.
Examples of cultural imperialism: begynn å lære		The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
Popular culture originates from... begynn å lære		the people.
Folk culture is... begynn å lære		a culture of the people for the people.
Examples of folk culture in Poland: begynn å lære		oscypek and ciupaga
Folk culture is not always authentic because... begynn å lære		oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
Popular culture is a struggle between... begynn å lære		originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
Reggae originally comes from... begynn å lære		poor black or Jamaican people.
Reggae originally is... begynn å lære		spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... begynn å lære		materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
Postmodern culture is... begynn å lære		a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
Postmodern popular culture blends... begynn å lære		the authentic with commercial.
Tarantino's cinema... begynn å lære		creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
Tarantino's films split into... begynn å lære		non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... begynn å lære		western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
Intertextuality is... begynn å lære		quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... begynn å lære		by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... begynn å lære		by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
In 1953 CBS and RCA... begynn å lære		reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... begynn å lære		the early 1940s.
Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... begynn å lære		the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
A recorded perfomance can be... begynn å lære		edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
The first compact cassette was made in... begynn å lære		1963
Compact cassette... begynn å lære		gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
The compact disc was co-developed by... begynn å lære		Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
The first CD was commercially released... begynn å lære		in October 1982.
The MP3 file format was developed in... begynn å lære		1992.
Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... begynn å lære		1999
The Napster shut down in... begynn å lære		2001
P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... begynn å lære		after 2001.
Streaming music is... begynn å lære		shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
A subscription fee... begynn å lære		gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
Popular music streaming platforms are: begynn å lære		Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
Oligopoly is... begynn å lære		a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
3 major global companies of music industry are... begynn å lære		Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
Music companies control about... begynn å lære		65% of the recording industry market in the US.
Independent record labels are... begynn å lære		companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
The Frankfurt School... begynn å lære		is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
The Frankfurt School was founded... begynn å lære		in Germany in 1923.
The Frankfurt School moved to... begynn å lære		United States to NYC after 1933.
Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: begynn å lære		Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... begynn å lære		a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... begynn å lære		which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
Basic focus of culture industry was... begynn å lære		being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
The Frankfurt School attempted to show... begynn å lære		a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
All products of the culture industry are designed for... begynn å lære		profit.
Commodity is... begynn å lære		an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
Every work of art is turned into... begynn å lære		consumer product.
Culture industry uses a... begynn å lære		production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
Films and TV shows we watch follow... begynn å lære		the same recycled formulas.
Homogeneity states that... begynn å lære		all mass culture is identical.
In consumers goods there are... begynn å lære		several variations of the same thing.
All products produced under the same scheme are... begynn å lære		"readable" and easily consumed.
Standardisation... begynn å lære		makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
Hollywood was... begynn å lære		a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
Hollywood produces... begynn å lære		endless stream of movies.
Hollywood makes sure... begynn å lære		nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
Film companies & streaming services... begynn å lære		spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
Structural uniformity is... begynn å lære		the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
Culture industries provide... begynn å lære		"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
Audiences are... begynn å lære		a product of media industries.
Culture manufacturing contains of... begynn å lære		language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
Expansions in education... begynn å lære		created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... begynn å lære		became social issues drawing public attention.
An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... begynn å lære		led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... begynn å lære		a leisure class and significant consumers.
The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... begynn å lære		increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... begynn å lære		their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
Subcultures are... begynn å lære		primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
Capitalist society produces... begynn å lære		economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
Young people take and transform cultural texts as... begynn å lære		a form of resistance.
Youth subcultures express... begynn å lære		opposition to the generation gap.
Subcultures remain... begynn å lære		sercret, alternative.
Resistance is expressed through... begynn å lære		style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
The main elements of subcultural style are: begynn å lære		image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
Bricolage is... begynn å lære		a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
Homology is... begynn å lære		the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
Punk style... begynn å lære		reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
Skinheads style... begynn å lære		are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
1950s subculture was... begynn å lære		The Teddy Boys
1960s subculture was... begynn å lære		The Mods & The Rockers
Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... begynn å lære		The Skinheads
Middle 1970s subculture was... begynn å lære		Punk
Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... begynn å lære		The Metalheads
Early 1980s subculture was... begynn å lære		The Goths
Another early 1980s subculture was... begynn å lære		The New Romantics
The skinhead value system and style... begynn å lære		mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
The Rude Boys derived from... begynn å lære		dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
The rude boy style included... begynn å lære		short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
Rude boys spoke in... begynn å lære		an exotic dialect known as patois.
Ska is... begynn å lære		a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
Skinhead aggro was based on... begynn å lære		being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
Skinheads wore... begynn å lære		Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
The four main cultural types of skinheads: begynn å lære		traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
Female skinheads haircuts... begynn å lære		are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
2-tone is... begynn å lære		mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
Oi... begynn å lære		began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
Subculturists share a degree of... begynn å lære		an outsider status.
Post-subcultural generation... begynn å lære		blended all sorts of music and fashion.
EDM and dance cultures appeared in... begynn å lære		the end of the 1980s.
Raves are... begynn å lære		all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
Subcultural participation is now... begynn å lære		a matter of choice.
Adverts in 1960s were... begynn å lære		usually followed by a slogan.
Adverts since 1970s... begynn å lære		are based on visual style.
MTV promoted... begynn å lære		a particular visual aesthetic.
In 2000s adverts... begynn å lære		are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
Market research is... begynn å lære		the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
famous-person testimonial begynn å lære		an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
plain-folks appeal begynn å lære		anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
snob-appeal approach begynn å lære		an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
bandwagon effect begynn å lære		an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
hidden-fear appeal begynn å lære		anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
association principle begynn å lære		a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
classified ads begynn å lære		small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
spam begynn å lære		- unwanted commercial e-mail;
web banner ads begynn å lære		the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
OTT platforms begynn å lære		enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
VODs begynn å lære		employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
Monetizing nostalgia begynn å lære		streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
media franchise begynn å lære		acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
media convergence begynn å lære		the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;

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