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spørsmålet		svaret
nouns podzial begynn å lære		proper, common count, not-count
no-count liczymy za pomoca begynn å lære		classifiers
verbs podzial begynn å lære		static dynamic
verbs podzial participants begynn å lære		intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive
intransitive verbs begynn å lære		one participant - john is running
monotransutive begynn å lære		2 participants - mary knows the president
ditransitive begynn å lære		3 participants- john gave mary the dollars
seem begynn å lære		copular
appear begynn å lære		copular
sound begynn å lære		copular
turn begynn å lære		copular
look begynn å lære		copular
smell begynn å lære		copular
taste begynn å lære		copular
feel begynn å lære		copular
get begynn å lære		copukar
complex transitive verbs begynn å lære		mary considers john an imposter
believe begynn å lære		complex transit
consider begynn å lære		complex transit
find begynn å lære		complex transit
judge begynn å lære		complex transit
keep begynn å lære		comlex transit
think begynn å lære		complex transit
know begynn å lære		complex transit
presume begynn å lære		complex teansit
presume begynn å lære		complex transit
many begynn å lære		det
all begynn å lære		det
that begynn å lære		sub
verbs podzial begynn å lære		modal, non-modal auxiliary
following begynn å lære		adj
podzial czasownikow begynn å lære		lexical, modal, non-modal auxuliary
korygować begynn å lære		revise
konczyc begynn å lære		terminate
wytlumaczyc begynn å lære		account for
at home begynn å lære		wyrazenie przyimkowe
in time begynn å lære		prepositional phrase
with me begynn å lære		prepositional phrase
at home begynn å lære		prepositional phrase
word classes ile begynn å lære		8
words podzial begynn å lære		content, function
concent words begynn å lære		lexical morphemes
function words begynn å lære		grammatical morphemes
noncount begynn å lære		masscount
nouns podzial begynn å lære		concrete, abstract, collective
several begynn å lære		determiner
which begynn å lære		determiner
whose begynn å lære		determiner
degree words begynn å lære		intensifiers -rather, very, so
Adjective rodzaje begynn å lære		attributive, predicative
lexical verb begynn å lære		main verb
paradigm begynn å lære		set of all inflectional forms of the word
rodzaje przymiotnikow ze wzgledu na stopniowanie begynn å lære		analytical, synthetic
determiners rola begynn å lære		they determine the noun phrase
reference begynn å lære		definite, indefinite
indefinite reference begynn å lære		specific, unspecific
prepozirions podział begynn å lære		spacial, temporal
coordinators begynn å lære		join the elements of the same status
subordinator begynn å lære		introduct clauses
subordinator begynn å lære		introduct clauses
subordinator begynn å lære		introduct clauses
clause begynn å lære		full grammatical unit
too begynn å lære		degree word
most begynn å lære		degree word
need begynn å lære		auxiliary
whatever begynn å lære		determiner
lexicon begynn å lære		the inventory of all the morphemes
aka begynn å lære		also known as
word class begynn å lære		lclass of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties
distribution begynn å lære		the environment in which the members of s class typically occur
losowy begynn å lære		arbitrary
jednostka begynn å lære		entity
zewnetrzny begynn å lære		external
classifiers begynn å lære		unit nouns
verbs odmiana begynn å lære		six-term inflectional paradigm
fairly begynn å lære		degree modifier
very begynn å lære		degree modifier
three years begynn å lære		measure phrase
predictive adjectives begynn å lære		complements of a copular verb
zdrajca begynn å lære		traitor
her begynn å lære		determiner
hers begynn å lære		pronoun
inflwction begynn å lære		adjusting to the context
derivation begynn å lære		morphological operations by wchich new words are formed
root begynn å lære		carries the lexical information
interfix begynn å lære		goes in between(o)
infix begynn å lære		inside a single lexem
circumfix begynn å lære		en
3 types of compounds begynn å lære		endocentric, exocentric, appositional
appositional begynn å lære		both elements have equal status
exocentric begynn å lære		u cant say that 1 element is more important than the other
endocentric begynn å lære		1 element describes the other
conversion begynn å lære		lexical recategorisation
back-formation begynn å lære		removing part of the word that we have
reduplication begynn å lære		repetition of the word/slight chanfe
clipping begynn å lære		cutting the part of the word
blending begynn å lære		we take 2 words clip one element and put together
acronomization begynn å lære		taking the first letters, sylabs
internal modification begynn å lære		creating new words by substituting the sounds
another begynn å lære		pronoun
morphology begynn å lære		deals with internal structure of words
morphem begynn å lære		the smallest component of the world
simple words simplexes begynn å lære		lexical items made of one morpheme
podzial na words begynn å lære		simple words, complex words
concatenative processes begynn å lære		putting together a basr and an affix or two or more morphemes
non-concatenative processes begynn å lære		no morpheme is joined with another morpheme
cicumfix begynn å lære		in- unproductive in english
types of morphrmes begynn å lære		prefix, suffix, root, interfix,
compounding begynn å lære		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
girlfriend begynn å lære		appositional
woman dictor begynn å lære		appositional
woman doctor begynn å lære		appositional
sleepwalk begynn å lære		appositional
tennis shoe begynn å lære		endocentric
kitchen chair begynn å lære		endocentric
sit-in begynn å lære		exocentric
pickpocket begynn å lære		exocentric
redhead begynn å lære		exocentric
borrowings begynn å lære		enter a language from the system of another panguage
many begynn å lære		specifier
our begynn å lære		specifier
so begynn å lære		specifier
too begynn å lære		specifier
right begynn å lære		specifier
quite begynn å lære		specifier
just begynn å lære		specifier
word form begynn å lære		the different ways a word can the context of languageexist in
head begynn å lære		minimal projection
phrases r endocentric begynn å lære		they r built around the head successively
constituency test N begynn å lære		N - one/ones, pronoun,
constituencg tests v begynn å lære		do so, ellipsis, did
constituency tests begynn å lære		movement: topic, postponing, subject aux inversion, passive for NP
tom begynn å lære		volume
argument structure begynn å lære		the number and kinds of arguments a predicate takes
podmiot begynn å lære		subject
orzeczenie begynn å lære		predicate
agent restructions begynn å lære		nie stative verb with experiencer
what x did was begynn å lære		x - agent, force, cause
what happend to x was begynn å lære		x - patient, theme
causative alternation begynn å lære		jane broke the cup
inochative alternation begynn å lære		the cup broke
(indefinite) object drop begynn å lære		mike ate (the cake)
dative alternation begynn å lære		bill sold tom a car, bill sold a car to tom
benefactive alternation begynn å lære		martha carved a toy for the baby- the baby a toy
locative alternation begynn å lære		jack sprayed the wall WITH paint/the table OF dishes
middle alternation begynn å lære		this book reads well
adding goal pp begynn å lære		John drove (to Paris)
understood reflexive object alternation begynn å lære		john shaves in the morning
agent begynn å lære		animate initiator
force begynn å lære		inanimate cause of an action
instrument begynn å lære		the means by which an event is caused
experiencer begynn å lære		the animate being affected inwardly
source begynn å lære		the place from which an action emnate
goal begynn å lære		the place to which or pwrson to whom an action is dorected
path begynn å lære		the path taken in moving from one place to another
location begynn å lære		the place at/in which or time at which an action occurs
possessor begynn å lære		the possessor of a thing
inalienable possession begynn å lære		Judy’s head
alienable possession begynn å lære		judys car
benefactive begynn å lære		the person/thing for which an action is performed
factitive begynn å lære		the object resulting from an action having no prior existence
patient begynn å lære		a person or thing affected by an action
patient begynn å lære		undergoes a change
theme begynn å lære		undergoes actiob transferred/moved
neutral begynn å lære		person/thing not changed but simply presented
range begynn å lære		specification/limitatiin of an action
role begynn å lære		a person playing a role/part in an action
direct object begynn å lære		who what
indirect object begynn å lære		to whom for whom
case frame begynn å lære		abstract specification of the thematic role possibilities for each predicate
predicates begynn å lære		relations or operations carried out on the participants
arguments begynn å lære		the participants
testing dynamism begynn å lære		ing
testing durativity begynn å lære		check po: for 10 minutes/until dawn
testing telicity begynn å lære		for 10 minutes, in 10 minutes
active voice subject begynn å lære		agent experiencer
passive voice subkect begynn å lære		patient/theme
passivisation begynn å lære		complemment becomes the subject
obligatory by phrase with: begynn å lære		follow, precede
the double object construction forces begynn å lære		the possessive relation
rules for how u interpret words and their combinations begynn å lære		semantics
rules for putting words together in phrases and sentences begynn å lære		syntax
the chemical composition of waterbis h2o begynn å lære		timeless statement
cicha woda brzegi rwie begynn å lære		Still waters run deep
i think begynn å lære		state
przeslanka, zlozenje begynn å lære		premise
I will begynn å lære		premise
I am begynn å lære		intention
i’m going to begynn å lære		strong intention
will you be going begynn å lære		asking about plans
will you go begynn å lære		request
I was meeting begynn å lære		the meeting started before
i have been very busy begynn å lære		still february, 0 nit completed
I had hoped begynn å lære		in the past
I was hoping begynn å lære		polite expression
has been placing begynn å lære		repeated action — keep doing it
has killed rabbits begynn å lære		no more rabbits
has been killing rabbits begynn å lære		some rabbits still
I didnt’t have time in the morning begynn å lære		no longer the morning
I haven’t had time in the morning begynn å lære		morning still
where has steve gone for his holiday begynn å lære		he is still on holidays
where has steve been going for begynn å lære		repeated action
where did steve go for begynn å lære		he is no longer there
rules of X’ syntax begynn å lære		rules for adding a complement, adjunct, specifier to a head
clause begynn å lære		sentence-elements or the parts sentences are built from
4 levels analyse begynn å lære		word level, phrase level, clause level, sentence level
syntactic units the rank scale begynn å lære		1.) sentence 2.) clause 3.) phrase 4.) word/lexical category
subordinate clause begynn å lære		embedded clause
subordinate/embeeded clause begynn å lære		clause within a main clause
that begynn å lære		conjunction/subordinator
sentence begynn å lære		independent unit of syntax
clause begynn å lære		may be dependent/independent
finite verb begynn å lære		verb inflected for tense and/or agreement
sentence are always begynn å lære		finite
subordinate clauses begynn å lære		finite/non-finite
finite verb forms begynn å lære		carry tense (and agreement)
if clauses begynn å lære		always finite
modal auxiliaries begynn å lære		finite verb forms
that clauses begynn å lære		always finite
bare infinitive begynn å lære		non-finite verb form
present participle begynn å lære		non-finite verb form
past participle begynn å lære		non-finite verb clause
to infinitive begynn å lære		non-finite verb clause
main sentence type begynn å lære		declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative
wh - order of declarative sen begynn å lære		when wh word corresponds to subject or complement of copula verb
imperative sentences begynn å lære		finite
exclamative sentence begynn å lære		initial wh word, do not display subject auxiliary inversion
dependent finite clauses form begynn å lære		that, if, wh
dependent finite clauses, syntactic functions begynn å lære		subject clauses, direct object claused, adjunct clauses
np as a direct object begynn å lære		I know (this book)
clause as a direct object begynn å lære		I know (that john will come)
Np as subject begynn å lære		(his phone-call) surprised me
clause as subject begynn å lære		(that john came) surprised me
finite adjunct clauses begynn å lære		I will repair it (when I return)
that clauses begynn å lære		cannot function as adjunctd
to inf as a direct object with an overt subject begynn å lære		Ann considers (Helen to be an excellent director)
to infinitive clauses as direct object without an overt subjct begynn å lære		Gary wants to leave
to inf clause as direct object with wh word begynn å lære		he forgot ehat to sat to the examiners
to infinite clause as a subjct with overt subject begynn å lære		(for u to park here) would be illigal
to inf clause as subject without overt subj begynn å lære		to park here is illegal
to inf clauses as adjuncts with an overt subject begynn å lære		(for marry to pass her driving test) she will need to takr many more lessons
to inf clauses as adjuncts without an overt subject begynn å lære		in order to/ so as to
bare infinitive clauses as adjunct begynn å lære		eather than, sooner than, NO OVERT SUabJECT
taxi begynn å lære		cab
ing participle as adjunct begynn å lære		(the streets being completrly deserted) Jackie preferred to take a cub
ing participle clause as adjunct without a sub of their oen begynn å lære		(working on his essay late), tom was quickly becoming tired
ed participle clause as adjunct with a subject of his owb begynn å lære		we were all excited (the plan sccepted by the government)
ed part clause as adjunct eithout subject of their oen begynn å lære		formulated clearly, thid dtatement will caude no problems
dusic sie begynn å lære		suffocate
function of claused complement of n begynn å lære		idea, information, command, suggestion, question
clause as a compømnt of AP begynn å lære		I sm (eager (to work with u))
clause complment of p begynn å lære		he is uncertain (pp about (what u said to me))
relative clauses adjuncts begynn å lære		restrictive = defining relative clause
restrictive(relative clauses) begynn å lære		info that is necessary for identifying the referent of the np
clauses as adjuncts begynn å lære		non restrictive = non-defining clauses
non-restrictive clauses begynn å lære		does not add further info that cobtributes to identifying the referent of np
non restrictive rel clauses begynn å lære		marked by commas
complementizers non- finite clauses begynn å lære		r introduced by FOR I want (for u to be happy)
that necessary begynn å lære		clause as subject/ complement
that required begynn å lære		if the clausal compøement is moved to the left
for required: begynn å lære		complement separated from the verb, pseudo clefts
for required in non-f if cl begynn å lære		has an overt subjects, functions as subject or adjunct
if whether as complmntizers begynn å lære		always obligatory!!!
if introduces begynn å lære		FINITE embeeded claused
Whether introduces begynn å lære		FINITE and NON-FINITE embedded clauses
lexical entry begynn å lære		1.) gram category 2.) argument structure 3.) thematic structure 4.) subcategorization frame
parts of speech begynn å lære		words
or, and, but = parts of speech begynn å lære		coordinators
that if part of speech begynn å lære		subordinator
your time is up begynn å lære		A
the balloons rose up to the sky begynn å lære		Adv
they live just up the street from us begynn å lære		P
the dog tore up the slipper begynn å lære		prt
major word classes begynn å lære		lexical categories
minor word classes begynn å lære		functional cat
kostka masla begynn å lære		a stick of butter
classifier with count noun begynn å lære		a heap of books
copular verbs begynn å lære		1 participant + 1 constituent
she got her hair wet begynn å lære		comolex transitive
participants begynn å lære		arguments
verbs begynn å lære		predicators
adjectives begynn å lære		* gradable * non-gradable
synthetic inflection for grade begynn å lære		old-older-oldedest
analytical inflection for grafe begynn å lære		beutiful - more beautiful
fairly begynn å lære		degree modifier / measure phrase
very, extremely, three years begynn å lære		degree modifier, measure phrase
very, rather, extremely begynn å lære		degree adverbs
A vs Adverbs begynn å lære		Adverbs do not combine with nouns in Attributive position
primary auxiliaries begynn å lære		have, be
dummy auxiliary begynn å lære		do
this/ that begynn å lære		demonstratives
determiners begynn å lære		articles, demonstratives, possessives
my his her begynn å lære		determiner
hers begynn å lære		pronoun
indefinite reference begynn å lære		specific/ unspecific
come round the corner begynn å lære		P
come roumd with some fresh air begynn å lære		adv
idle begynn å lære		próżnować, bezczynny
adjectives begynn å lære		4 subcategories
abstract to concrete begynn å lære		personality- a personality
mass to count begynn å lære		beer -> 2 beers
count to mass begynn å lære		1 garlic - the smell of garlic
one of the major types of morphologucal operations by which new words r formed begynn å lære		derivation
simple wirds= morphological simplexes begynn å lære		lexical items made of one morpheme
morph begynn å lære		free morph bound morph
free morph begynn å lære		root
affix begynn å lære		always a bound root
derivational affix begynn å lære		prefix/ suffix
simple word begynn å lære		1 free root
complex word begynn å lære		1 free root + 1/more bound morphs
compund word begynn å lære		2 free roots
compound - complex begynn å lære		2 free roots+ bound morphs
derivation begynn å lære		additiom of a word-forming afix
conversion begynn å lære		functional shift
functional shift begynn å lære		conversion
a combination of two or more free roots begynn å lære		compound
root creation begynn å lære		invention of an entirely new root morpheme
prefix begynn å lære		un, mis, over
suffix begynn å lære		er, ship, ful, ist
interfix begynn å lære		gramophone
infix begynn å lære		kangabloodyroo
circumfix begynn å lære		enliven
compouding begynn å lære		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
endocentric comp begynn å lære		kitchen chair
exocentric compound begynn å lære		pickpocket, redhead
appositional compund begynn å lære		woman doctor
conversion begynn å lære		empty (adj) -> to rmpty
clipping begynn å lære		fridge
blending begynn å lære		workoholic
acronymization begynn å lære		VIP
internal modification begynn å lære		iife-live, drip- drop, feed-food
borrowings begynn å lære		hamburger, pin, pit
borrowings from eng begynn å lære		spruce, britzka
* know the ansers źle bo begynn å lære		imperative require eventive verb + agent
know the anwers zle bo nie moze byc begynn å lære		stative verb, experiencer
only ... license purpose clauses begynn å lære		agent
what y did to x begynn å lære		y - agent/animate cause
bil liked the film begynn å lære		source
locative alternation. henry cleared dieshes from the table begynn å lære		henry cleared the table of dishes
john drove - john drove to paris begynn å lære		adding goal pp
john shaves in the morning begynn å lære		understood reflexive object alternation
this book reads easily begynn å lære		middle alternation
the situation types differ in begynn å lære		dynamism, durativity, trlicity
dynamic test begynn å lære		checking if predicate is compatible eith progressive aspect
state can be used in the progressive begynn å lære		if a state can be interpreted as temporary or the degree
durativity test begynn å lære		checking if predicate is compatible with pp like for 10 minutes/until dawn
the plane flee begynn å lære		atelic
she ate a bowl of rice begynn å lære		telic
she ate rice begynn å lære		atelic
telicy test begynn å lære		checking which temporal adverbial is compatible with the verbal predicate
telic situations test begynn å lære		in ten minutes
atelic situation test begynn å lære		fir ten minuted
pp measure in telic situations must measure begynn å lære		the duration of the situation
she opened the windows for 10 minutes begynn å lære		telic- pp measures the duration
the can will explode in 2 minutes begynn å lære		telic
twierdzic begynn å lære		to assert
* i think about my work now begynn å lære		think involves mental activity
progressive aspect with punctual events begynn å lære		only to express repetitions
the soldier was dying begynn å lære		lead to a punctual event
np as adjunct begynn å lære		yesterday/last year/ the minth before/this second
advP as adjunct begynn å lære		urgently, repeatedly, officially
pp as adjunct begynn å lære		in a rush
pp as adjunct begynn å lære		outdide London, in some ways, by the council
* john closed (carefully) the door begynn å lære		an adjunct cannot separate the verb from its direct object
adjuncts can stack begynn å lære		I saw the film (several times) (last year)
complements of prepositions begynn å lære		np, pp(out of love) clause uncertain about what you sais
complements of adjectives begynn å lære		pp - dependend on clause - eager to help
cpmplements of nouns begynn å lære		pp (specialisation in), clause -consideration whether, np linguistics student
intransitive verbs begynn å lære		not require a complement, may have adjuncts
intransitive verbs do not take a complement begynn å lære		william blushed
complements of verb begynn å lære		pp listentomusic, np/pp indirect objects hive my brother a present
complement of verbs begynn å lære		np - drink two glasses of, clause -confirm that...
happy begynn å lære		about/with
np adjunct begynn å lære		this week
pp adjunct begynn å lære		in the park
ap adjunct begynn å lære		very long
np complement begynn å lære		read(a book)
pp complement begynn å lære		rely (on mary)
ap cpmplement begynn å lære		be(very happy)
non-complements and non-adjuncts begynn å lære		specifiers
head alone begynn å lære		vp - take photos, ap -on the table
bracked diagram for the sentence begynn å lære		[tp[np the[ap little] monk ]...
the journalist interviewed in tuxedo begynn å lære		the journalist interwiewed him ib s tuxedo
the journalist interviewed in a tuxedo begynn å lære		clefting - this is an actor in a tucedo that intereiewed
constituent begynn å lære		phrase
the postman lost his keys yesterday constituents begynn å lære		he lost it then
how id the meaning determined? begynn å lære		passive, auciliary inversion
him, I don‘t like begynn å lære		topicalisation
but climp the rockets they never will begynn å lære		topicalisation
captain link was examined by the vet begynn å lære		passivisation
anna hit with pepper dpray some poor guy begynn å lære		heavy np shift
the x’schema begynn å lære		intermediate projection, intermediate projection, maximal projection
PS rules begynn å lære		generate hierarrchical structure
ps rules begynn å lære		tell us how to build phrases
structure building begins wirh the word category begynn å lære		the head of the structure
general schems begynn å lære		X‘ schema
X begynn å lære		head
YP begynn å lære		cpnstituent, comolement
X‘ begynn å lære		intermediate projection
RP begynn å lære		adjunct
ZP begynn å lære		specifier
X‘ begynn å lære		intermediate structure
english-head initial language begynn å lære		complements follow their heads
complement of the verb begynn å lære		object
*louise abandonedd begynn å lære		project is a complement, it is not omissible
the last constituent that can be merged in a phtlrase begynn å lære		specifier
complete phrase begynn å lære		a maximal projection of the head
specifier begynn å lære		right, straight, very, quite, her, the
the specifier of the sentence begynn å lære		subject
syntactic selection is referred to as begynn å lære		SUBCATEGORISATION
Endocentricity - phrases are endocentric begynn å lære		they r built around the head successively
head begynn å lære		the minimal projection
complements begynn å lære		expand x into x’
adjuncts begynn å lære		expand recursively x’ into x’
specifiers begynn å lære		expand x’ into xp
* but jim did so a magazine begynn å lære		substitution for the head alone impossible
ellipsis - substitution for np begynn å lære		but Jim is not
ellipsis constituemcy tests for vp begynn å lære		and nor will jay
the new teacher did begynn å lære		replacemrnt for entire vp
preposing = begynn å lære		topicalisation
* the spealer they know on the stge begynn å lære		no subpart of np moveable
topicalisation begynn å lære		the candidate came in for interview and highly intelligent she was indeed
topicalisation begynn å lære		the dy before the accident, they walked to the party
talk to him i never will begynn å lære		topicalistion
postponing begynn å lære		heavy np shift
they presented the speaker on the stage to millicent begynn å lære		heavy np shift
subj aux inverdion for dubject nps begynn å lære		was the mn with the scar singing songs in desperation?
clefting begynn å lære		it is his resignation that the chairman is handing in.
* what the tiger did at the gorilla was smile begynn å lære		no part of vp possible
coordinators begynn å lære		conjunctions
coordination begynn å lære		linking constituents to form larger structures (constituents)
coordination begynn å lære		phrases must be syntactically parallel
* lee went to the store and crazy begynn å lære		the parallelism allows elements of the same category
coordination involves begynn å lære		syntactic and semantic parallelism
black carno, king of sweden begynn å lære		only maximal projections/full phrases can occur as sentence fragments
tree and bracket diagrams begynn å lære		are representations of constituent structure
constituency tests begynn å lære		do sl, ellipsis, did, movement, heavy np shift, subject aux inversion, passive for nps
constituency tests begynn å lære		passive for np, clefting, pseudo clefting, coordinstion
verbs describing situations specify begynn å lære		whether they r relational or not
relations or operations carried out on the participants begynn å lære		predicate
1 place predicate begynn å lære		Frank is irish
2 place predicate begynn å lære		Diana left the gym
4 place predicate begynn å lære		he flew from ny to havana via miami
o place predicate begynn å lære		0 place predicates
semantic notions begynn å lære		1/2/3 place ptedicate
syntactic notions begynn å lære		intransitive/monotransitive/ditransitive
predicates nie tylko verbs tez begynn å lære		nouns, adjectives/adverbs, prep
* john is fond begynn å lære		2 place predicate - does not allow any arguments to be kmplicit
v envy begynn å lære		2 place predicate with 2 obligatory arguments
a envious begynn å lære		2 place predicate, one implicit
* they r at begynn å lære		at - 2 place predicate
* florence is between milan begynn å lære		between- 3 place predicate
nouns as predicated begynn å lære		Pauls analysy of the data was superfluous
adjectives as predicates begynn å lære		John is envious
prepositions as predicates begynn å lære		they r at the station
the bottlw contains alcohol begynn å lære		location
people filled the room begynn å lære		location
the man with the dog/ with brown hair begynn å lære		possessor
coach begynn å lære		kareta, powóz
the coast is clearch turned into a punpkin begynn å lære		factirive
the chicken was baked by me begynn å lære		patient
it costs a hundred dollars begynn å lære		range
it weights 80 kilograms begynn å lære		range
hum begynn å lære		nucić
he hummed a silly tune begynn å lære		range
he lived out his life happily begynn å lære		range
lexical representation of predicates begynn å lære		argument structure
weather predications begynn å lære		no referential argument, no thematic relation involved
subcategorisation begynn å lære		lets us encode the category of the complement of a lexical item
#my chocolate cake saw the phoneme begynn å lære		semantic selection
experiencer begynn å lære		encodes animate being
sentient begynn å lære		czujący
* john envies begynn å lære		out-argument and thematic structure violatiib and subcategorization restriction violation
* john is envious mary begynn å lære		out- violates subcategorization restriction of envious
# the car envious mary begynn å lære		semantically ill informed
rozwscieczyc begynn å lære		enrage
the child took the book off thr shelf begynn å lære		source
his leaving pleases me begynn å lære		source
the sun gives off heat begynn å lære		source
a caterpillar turns into the butterfly begynn å lære		source
i walked upstairs begynn å lære		goal
she did it for love begynn å lære		goal
path begynn å lære		over the mountains
along the raiload tracks begynn å lære		via
specifier begynn å lære		may be obligatory in the phrase
obligatory specifier begynn å lære		determiner
* this the book begynn å lære		specifoers don’t stuck
specifiers begynn å lære		r not mobile
impossibility of recurdion and immobility begynn å lære		so, rather
so, rather begynn å lære		det
utterly as adjunct begynn å lære		so utterly incompetent ok utterly so *
* he was completely so in the wrong begynn å lære		so- specifier of pp
right begynn å lære		determiner
specifier begynn å lære		precedes x’ in english
not begynn å lære		specifier of a negated vp
subjects in clauses begynn å lære		SPECIFIERS
obligatory determiners begynn å lære		det in NP, NP in TP
Specifier in NP begynn å lære		a/some/out/this
spec in vp begynn å lære		negation
specifier in ap begynn å lære		too, how, so
spec in advp begynn å lære		rather, too, so, this, that
specifier in pp begynn å lære		right, just, quite
specifoer in clause begynn å lære		NP
specifoer in clause begynn å lære		pp- under the stairs was a safe area
specifier in clause begynn å lære		clause- to be good... where to eat, why...
specofier in clause begynn å lære		ap restledd is what i would call him
advp specifier begynn å lære		cautiously is how i would suggedt u do it
spec ln clause begynn å lære		formal requirement of grammar, not slways interpretable
specifoer in clause begynn å lære		formal requirement, not always interpretable
spec in clause not always interpretable - there r two lions in the cage begynn å lære		if often rains in england, there r teo lions
it is late begynn å lære		it - not interpretable
the specifier of T begynn å lære		question tags as a pronoun
the final element added in a phrase begynn å lære		specifier
every phrase has 3 levels of structure begynn å lære		x, x’, x’’
never begynn å lære		spec of vp
spec of ap begynn å lære		HOW nice
a juvenile begynn å lære		nieletni
a private begynn å lære		szeregowy
a natural begynn å lære		naturszczyk
a daily begynn å lære		dziennik
herd begynn å lære		tłum, stado
your time is up begynn å lære		A
the balloons rose up to the sky begynn å lære		adv
the dog tore up the slipper begynn å lære		prt
they live just up the street from us begynn å lære		adv
would you write your adress down for me begynn å lære		prt
he ran down the stairs begynn å lære		P
he looked down because he was embarassed begynn å lære		adv
dummy auxiliary begynn å lære		do
primary auxiliaries begynn å lære		have, be
vis begynn å lære		potęga, siła
monotheism root begynn å lære		THE
syntactic pattern begynn å lære		V+ N+ er>N
hover begynn å lære		unosic sie
pług begynn å lære		plow
drip begynn å lære		kapać
clean-cut begynn å lære		wyrazisty
badmouth begynn å lære		obgadywac
cranapple begynn å lære		semantically opaque
neologizm begynn å lære		literary coinage
canary od canary islands begynn å lære		commonization
split adjective begynn å lære		an adverb placed between to and the verb makes a split infinitive
constituency tests begynn å lære		wh fronting -what, ommission
words that combine with nouns begynn å lære		determiners
idles begynn å lære		3 rd sg pres inflectional form
idled begynn å lære		past tense form
adjectives subcategorisation begynn å lære		adjectives dividen into fojr subcatrgories
recategorisatiin abstract to concrete begynn å lære		personality -> a personality
mass to count recategorisation begynn å lære		beer/2 beers
count to mass recategorisation begynn å lære		1 garlic/ the smell of garlic
Proper to common recategorisstion begynn å lære		einstain -> an einstein
constituent begynn å lære		a wird that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure
semantics begynn å lære		rules for how u interpret words and their combinations
syntax begynn å lære		rules for putting words together in phrases and sentencess
* a jously husband begynn å lære		adverbs do not combine with nouns in attributive position
* he became jealously begynn å lære		adverbs do not combine with nouns in predicative position
AP begynn å lære		completely dry
different types of words begynn å lære		1.) simple tree 2.) complex 3.) compound
kieszonkowiec begynn å lære		a pickpocket
ing czesc mowy begynn å lære		gerund
yourself begynn å lære		pronoun
another begynn å lære		pronoun
drip->drop, sell-sale, bent - bend begynn å lære		internal modification, breath-breathe
potega sila begynn å lære		vis
invisibly root begynn å lære		vis
what begynn å lære		PRONOUN
so begynn å lære		CONJUNCTION
declarative begynn å lære		statement of fact/assertion
interrogative begynn å lære		question
imperative begynn å lære		directive
exclamative begynn å lære		exclamation
aspect begynn å lære		progressive, non-progressive, perdfective
refuction begynn å lære		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
reduction by ellipsis begynn å lære		I would like to go with u but Ucant
reduction by pro-form begynn å lære		was he arrested? Im afraid SO
pro-forms: one, other begynn å lære		there r not probouns-pron cant be used with determiners!
clause reduction begynn å lære		the entire clause is reduced to the proforms this that and it
this begynn å lære		clausal prp-form
it begynn å lære		clausal proform
topicalization begynn å lære		a post-verbal constituent is in the sentence initial position
left dislocation begynn å lære		a constituent is displaved from its basic position to the sentence initial position, leaves a pronominal copy
passive begynn å lære		construction that enables the object of verb to become the topic
focaliztion begynn å lære		movement to the left to mark focus/contrast
focalization begynn å lære		10 years we lived there
focalization begynn å lære		that bowl we got in Italy. the other...
it cleft begynn å lære		the message is split into two parts(it is ...-> focused)
pseudo-cleft begynn å lære		the message is split into two parts. that ...-> focused firegrounded
driven movements to the right begynn å lære		extraposition, sub-v inversion, heavy np shift, there insertion, right dislocation
right dislocation begynn å lære		the reverse of left dislocation
right dislocation begynn å lære		a sentence with additional np which is reffered to a pronoun inside the main sentence
right dislocation begynn å lære		the right dislocated constituent is focused
heavy np shift begynn å lære		heavy np moved to the right end position in accordance with the heaviness principle
heavy np begynn å lære		long/complex np
extraposition feom np begynn å lære		relative clause/adjunct moves to the sentence final position
extraoosition feom np begynn å lære		six women appeared with yellow hats
restrictions on extraposition from np begynn å lære		possible with clauses containing intransitive verbs
it extraposition begynn å lære		the displced subject or object leaves it in the positiom from which it moved rightward to the sentence final position
it extraposition begynn å lære		that...- new info
2 it extraposition constructions begynn å lære		displacing the subject, displacing the object
it extraposition restrictions begynn å lære		the extraposed constituent must be a clause or a gerund
restriction on it-extraposition begynn å lære		a clause in the subject position must correspond to given information, if not sub extraposition is obligatory
it extraposition complex transitive verbs - complement clause begynn å lære		it - obligatory
subject verb inversion begynn å lære		the subject is inverted with the dependent of the verb
subject - verb inversion begynn å lære		the inverted subject introduces new information
subject verb inversion begynn å lære		on her desk was a bowl of fruit
sub verb inversion restriction begynn å lære		if the subject is old inf and the dependent is new there is no inversion
there insertion begynn å lære		pronoun there isin the subject position in so-called existential or presentstional clauses
there insertion begynn å lære		lexical subject is is presented as new to the sddressee
there insertion restrivction begynn å lære		copular verb/ any other that can serve asthe subject of that verb
there -insertion + adjectival predicate begynn å lære		adjective must describe some non-pernament property
restrictions on there insertion begynn å lære		definite nps impossible
reduction begynn å lære		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
clause reduction begynn å lære		the entire clause is reduced to the pro-forms this, that, it
vp reduction begynn å lære		vp may be omitted, do so/that is used as a pro-form replacing the vp
vp reduction begynn å lære		she suggestedthat i should sell the house but i dont want to DO THAT yet
restrictiona on vp reduction begynn å lære		vp ellipsis is possible obly if what is omitted is the entire vp
the subject of the sentence begynn å lære		given info, topic
the predicate of the sentence begynn å lære		new info, comment
topic begynn å lære		what an uterrance is about
comment begynn å lære		what is said about the topic
contrast begynn å lære		the information is in contrast to another entity
contrast marked by begynn å lære		only/rather
topicalisation= fronting begynn å lære		movement of a word, phrssclause to the beginning of the sentence
fronting= topicalisation begynn å lære		the fronted wlement becomes topic, info at the end of the sentence focused
left dislocation begynn å lære		moves aword, phrase, clause at the. eginning of the sentence, but it leaves the pronominal copy of the fronted element
left-dislocation begynn å lære		reintroduce the GIVEN info, this info becomes TOPIC
cleft sentence begynn å lære		clefted element— new info, comment
pseudocleft begynn å lære		new info, focus to the end of the sentence
passive begynn å lære		the object becomes the subject - give. info/topic
extraposition from np begynn å lære		kovement of the relative clause ot other rlement modyfyibg element out to the end of the senyence
declarative sentence basic word order begynn å lære		S V(aux) O
the notiona that have a role in the availability of syntactic variants in situational context begynn å lære		contrast, givenness/newness
given information begynn å lære		information that is known to the interlocutor
new information begynn å lære		focal information
new information begynn å lære		focus/focal information
new information begynn å lære		information that is not shared by interlocutors
syntax informtion structure begynn å lære		given materiaö comes before the new material
active voice begynn å lære		not restricted by the constraintson info pckaging
passive voice begynn å lære		constrained by information structure considerationd
odpowiednik begynn å lære		counterpart
zrozumienie begynn å lære		consideration
it cleft, pseudo cleft begynn å lære		fronting forfocus reasons
indefinite object drop begynn å lære		drink
Dative construction begynn å lære		double object construction
double object construction, datuv alternation begynn å lære		bring
benefactive alternation begynn å lære		buy
middle alternation begynn å lære		cut
causative/inochative begynn å lære		melt
locative alternation begynn å lære		locative
locative alternation begynn å lære		splsh (on->with)
niezgodny, nie dajacy sie pogpdzic begynn å lære		incompatible
elapse begynn å lære		upływać (time)
i think...... is... begynn å lære		think=hold an opinion, state
I am thinking about... now begynn å lære		thinks= mental activity
he was hitting the table begynn å lære		express reperition of punctual events
the soldier was dying begynn å lære		preparatory situation leading up to a punctual point
they were reaching the summit when... begynn å lære		the preparatory situation leading up to a punctual event
generoc statements begynn å lære		beavers build dams
timeless statements begynn å lære		two plus two is four
gnomoc(proverbial sentence) begynn å lære		haste makes waste
plot summary begynn å lære		Hamlet dies...
future statement begynn å lære		we leave tomorrow
instantenlus commentary begynn å lære		he shoots. he scores
reporting info begynn å lære		the wheater forecast says that...
punctual verbs begynn å lære		tap, kick, flash
copula v begynn å lære		remain
ditransitive begynn å lære		ask
prepositional verb begynn å lære		look after
shifts in meaning -passive begynn å lære		every schoolboy knows... one joke at least...
passive shifts in meaning begynn å lære		John cannot do it vs it cant be done
get passive begynn å lære		interest on the s and what happened to it
inflection gor grade 1 forma old begynn å lære		absolute
the information associated with the word in the mental lexicin begynn å lære		lexical entry
direct object begynn å lære		np/clause
license purpose clauses begynn å lære		only agent
complementizers - finite begynn å lære		that, wherher
complementizers non finite begynn å lære		for

descriptive grammar

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