Kolos 2 - słówka i zdania

assessment

the act of judging or deciding the amount, value, quality, or importance of something

proliferation

the fact of something increasing a lot and suddenly in number or amount

allegation

a statement, made without giving proof, that someone has done something wrong or illegal

bias

the action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way, because of allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment

to affirm

to state something as true

sprawling

reaching over a large area

unprecedented

never having happened or existed in the past

to grapple with

talking and behaving in a way that threatens military action

to be compelled

. having to do something, because you are forced to or feel it is necessary

be in cahoots with sb

acting together with others for an illegal or dishonest purpose

posthumous

happening after a person's death

reinstatement

the act of giving someone back their job or making something exist again

Harnessed the enormous energy

This means capturing and using the vast amount of energy stored within something. In the context of the Manhattan Project, it refers to using the powerful energy within the atom for the first time.

A renowned physicist

A physicist who is famous and highly respected in their field. "Renowned" means well-known and acclaimed.

Uranium was enriched

The process of increasing the proportion of a specific isotope of uranium (usually Uranium-235) to make it suitable for use in a nuclear reactor or weapon.

Nuclear fission

A nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts, releasing a large amount of energy. This is the process that powers nuclear reactors and atomic bombs.

They were deliberately not told the purpose

This means that information was intentionally withheld from them. In the context of the Manhattan Project, it means that most people working on the project were intentionally kept unaware of its ultimate goal (to build an atomic bomb).

Such a large-scale endeavor

Refers to a project or effort that is very large and complex, involving many people and resources.

The dangers faded

This means that the perceived threats or risks diminished or became less significant over time. In the context of the Manhattan Project, it refers to the reduced threat of Nazi Germany developing an atomic bomb by the time the U.S.

The designated target

The specific person, place, or thing chosen for a particular action or purpose. In the context of the Manhattan Project, it refers to the Japanese cities selected for the atomic bomb attacks.

Scientific breakthrough

A significant and sudden advance in scientific knowledge or technology that typically leads to new discoveries and innovations

Reluctant to kill

This means being hesitant or unwilling to take a life. In the context of Oppenheimer's feelings, it indicates his moral hesitation about the destruction caused by the atomic bomb.

Fission

The process of splitting the nucleus of an atom into smaller parts, releasing a large amount of energy. This is the reaction used in nuclear reactors and atomic bombs.

Fusion

The process of combining two atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy. This reaction powers the sun and other stars.

Oppenheimer became a household name

This means that J. Robert Oppenheimer became very well-known and widely recognized by the general public

To talk moonshine

To speak nonsense or talk about things that are unrealistic or fanciful.

To wage a war

To engage in or carry on a war; to conduct a military campaign against an enemy.

To avoid his duties

To deliberately shirk or neglect responsibilities or tasks that one is supposed to perform.

Anguish

Severe mental or physical pain or suffering

Be expelled from

To be formally removed or kicked out from a place, organization, or institution.

To publish a groundbreaking paper

To release a scientific or academic paper that introduces significant new ideas or discoveries, often changing the understanding of a subject

. To coin a term

To invent or create a new word or phrase.

Obtainable

Something that can be acquired or achieved; attainable.

Nucleus/nuclei

The central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons (singular: nucleus, plural: nuclei

To be repelled

To be driven back or pushed away, either physically or emotionally. In a scientific context, it often refers to forces that push objects apart.

The ore was refined

The process of purifying raw ore to extract valuable metals or minerals.

A stroke of genius

An exceptionally clever and creative idea or action.