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spørsmålet		svaret
emerge begynn å lære		wyłaniać się
emerged begynn å lære		pojawiły
efforts In the 1940s, a "Second Chicago School" emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and his efforts of education at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. begynn å lære		starania
purest . Its first and purest expression was the 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) and their technological achievements. begynn å lære		najczystsze
mullions begynn å lære		szprosy
support begynn å lære		wsparcie
enlarged This was supported and enlarged in the 1960s due to the ideas of structural engineer Fazlur Khan begynn å lære		powiększenie
framed tube system He introduced a new structural system of framed tubes in skyscraper design and construction. begynn å lære		System rur w ramie
defined begynn å lære		zdefiniowane
three dimensional The engineer Fazlur Khan defined the framed tube structure as "a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls begynn å lære		trójwymiarowy
composed of begynn å lære		w składzie:
braced frames begynn å lære		usztywnione ramki
shear walls begynn å lære		sciany oporowe
capable of begynn å lære		zdolna
resist begynn å lære		przeciwstawiać się
lateral forces begynn å lære		siły poprzeczne
cantilever begynn å lære		wspornik
foundation base begynn å lære		fundament
join at begynn å lære		dołącz się
closely begynn å lære		dokładnie
Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube begynn å lære		Kolumny połączone blisko siebie tworzą rurkę zewnętrzne
horizontal loads Horizontal loads, for example wind, are supported by the structure as a whole. begynn å lære		obciążenia poziome Obciążenia poziome, na przykład wiatr, są podpierane przez strukturę w całości.
surface About half the exterior surface is available for windows. begynn å lære		powierzchnia
framed tubes Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space. begynn å lære		Rury oprawione/ system rur
required begynn å lære		wymagany
interrupt begynn å lære		przerwać
transfer girders Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity. begynn å lære		dźwigary transferu
maintain begynn å lære		utrzymać
integrity begynn å lære		integralność
to apply The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartment Building which Khan designed and was completed in Chicago by 1963 begynn å lære		zastosowanie
lay laid laid This laid the foundations for the tube structures of many other later skyscrapers, begynn å lære		położyć kłaść
foundations begynn å lære		fundament
throughout the city Today, there are different styles of architecture all throughout the city, such as the Chicago School, neo-classical, art deco, modern, and postmodern begynn å lære		w całym mieście Obecnie istnieją różne style architektury całym mieście, takich jak szkoły chicagowskiej, neoklasycystycznym, art deco, nowoczesny i postmodernizmu
horizontal begynn å lære		poziomy
principle Form follows function is a principle associated with modernist architecture and industrial design in the 20th century. begynn å lære		zasada
primarily based upon The principle is that the shape of a building or object should be primarily based upon its intended function or purpose. begynn å lære		opiera się przede wszystkim na
horizontal forces begynn å lære		siły poziome
vertical forces begynn å lære		Siły pionowe
oblique begynn å lære		ukośny

secound chicago school

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