Upper-Intermediate English (2) • NOUNS • 'S'

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scoop
noun [C ] B2 media/informal • synonyms: exclusive, tip, leak • get/have/break the scoop; inside scoop on something; major/juicy scoop; scoop about someone/something • freq in AmE: 6/10
The reporter got the scoop on the celebrity divorce before it went public.
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sensacyjna wiadomość, ekskluzywna informacja, gorący temat
a piece of news or information that is published or revealed before anyone else — especially one that is exclusive, surprising, or sensational
Dziennikarz zdobył sensacyjną wiadomość o rozwodzie gwiazd, zanim trafiła do mediów.
get the inside scoop
collocation with scoop noun [C ] B2 media/informal • freq in AmE: 6/10 • Note ‼ "get the inside scoop on” is the dominant, idiomatic form; „get the inside scoop about” is more neutral and descriptive
I got the inside scoop on the company’s upcoming product launch. | 2. She always manages to get the inside scoop on celebrity drama.
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zdobyć ekskluzywne informacje, poznać kulisy, mieć dostęp do poufnych wiadomości
to obtain exclusive, behind-the-scenes, or privileged information — especially about something not yet public or widely known
Zdobyłem ekskluzywne informacje o premierze nowego produktu. | 2. Zawsze udaje jej się poznać kulisy celebryckich dramatów.
craft scripts
collocation with script noun [C ] B2 • synonyms: write, develop, shape, compose • craft compelling/well-crafted scripts; craft scripts for film/TV/ads; craft dialogue/narrative/structure • freq: 7/10
She crafts scripts that balance humor with emotional depth. | 2. The team spent weeks crafting the final episode’s script.
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tworzyć scenariusze, pisać z kunsztem, opracowywać starannie
to write scripts with care, skill, and attention to detail — often implying creativity, structure, and intentionality in storytelling or communication
Tworzy scenariusze, które łączą humor z emocjonalną głębią. | 2. Zespół przez tygodnie dopracowywał finałowy odcinek.
sled dog
noun [C ] B2 • synonyms: working dog, husky (by synecdoche) • sled dog team; train/breed sled dogs; Alaskan sled dog; sled dog race • freq in AmE: 5/10
Sled dogs are bred for strength, stamina, and cold resistance. | 2. She trained her huskies to become skilled sled dogs.
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pies zaprzęgowy
a dog trained to pull a sled over snow or ice, typically as part of a team; commonly associated with Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, endurance races, and traditional transportation methods
Psy zaprzęgowe są hodowane z myślą o sile i wytrzymałości. | 2. Wyszkoliła swoje husky, by zostały psami zaprzęgowymi.
stress
noun [C or U ] B2 • synonyms: emphasis, accent • stress is on; word stress / sentence stress / stress pattern • freq in AmE: 7/10 • stress affects meaning and rhythm
In the word 'record', the stress is on the first syllable when it's a noun, and on the second when it's a verb. | 2. When 'insert' is a verb, the stress is on the second syllable, but when it is a noun, the stress is on the first syllable.
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akcent (fonetyczny)
(PRONUNCIATION) the emphasis placed on a particular syllable in a word or on a word in a sentence; crucial for correct pronunciation and meaning in spoken language
W słowie "record" akcent pada na pierwszą sylabę, gdy to rzeczownik, i na drugą, gdy to czasownik. | 2. Gdy „insert” jest czasownikiem, akcent pada na drugą sylabę, natomiast gdy jest rzeczownikiem, akcent pada na pierwszą sylabę.
the stress is on...
collocation with stress noun [C or U ] B2 • stress is on first/second syllable; stress is on subject/verb • freq in AmE: 8/10
The main stress in the word "command" is on the second syllable. | 2. When "insert" is a verb, the stress is on the second syllable, but when it is a noun, the stress is on the first syllable.
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akcent pada na...
(PRONUNCIATION) a common phrase used to indicate which syllable in a word or which word in a sentence carries the primary emphasis in spoken English
Główny akcent w słowie „command” położony jest na drugą sylabę. | 2. Gdy „insert” jest czasownikiem, akcent pada na drugą sylabę, natomiast gdy jest rzeczownikiem, akcent pada na pierwszą sylabę.
summer solstice
noun [C or U ] B2 • synonyms: midsummer, longest day • celebrate/mark the summer solstice; summer solstice sunrise/festival/ritual • freq in AmE: 5/10
The summer solstice marks the official beginning of astronomical summer. | 2. Stonehenge attracts thousands of visitors during the summer solstice sunrise.
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przesilenie letnie
the longest day of the year, occurring around June 21st in the Northern Hemisphere, when the sun reaches its highest point in the sky — often associated with ancient rituals, seasonal transitions, and symbolic renewal
Przesilenie letnie wyznacza początek astronomicznego lata. | 2. Stonehenge przyciąga tysiące ludzi podczas wschodu słońca w dniu przesilenia.
stray
noun [C ] B2 • synonyms: wanderer, outcast, orphan • stray dog/cat/creature; adopt/feed/spot a stray • freq in AmE: 6/10
She took in a stray cat she found near the park.
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przybłęda, bezpańskie zwierzę
an animal, especially a dog or cat, that has no home or owner; metaphorically, someone or something that is lost, abandoned, or wandering without direction
Przygarnęła kota–przybłędę znalezionego przy parku.
break someone's spirit
collocation with spirit noun [U ] B2 emotional/literary • synonyms: demoralize, crush, defeat emotionally • refuse to be broken; spirit-breaking experience • freq in AmE: 5/10
The harsh conditions were designed to break the prisoners’ spirits. | 2. He refused to let failure break his spirit.
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złamać kogoś psychicznie, odebrać komuś ducha walki
to cause someone to lose hope, confidence, or the will to continue; to emotionally defeat or demoralize someone
Surowe warunki miały na celu złamanie ducha więźniów. | 2. Nie pozwolił, by porażka go złamała.
second-hand
noun [U ] B2 • synonyms: used goods, pre-owned items • buy/sell/give second-hand; second-hand clothes/books/furniture • freq in BrE: 7/10, AmE: 5/10
I bought the sofa second-hand from a neighbor. | 2. Second-hand clothes are trendy among eco-conscious shoppers. | 3. She prefers second-hand books — they feel more lived-in and personal.
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rzeczy używane, rzeczy z drugiej ręki, second-hand
goods that are not new and have been owned or used by someone else before being sold or given again; often associated with frugality, sustainability, and vintage style
Kupiłam sofę z drugiej ręki od sąsiadki. | 2. Rzeczy z second-handu są modne wśród osób dbających o środowisko. | 3. Woli książki używane — mają w sobie historię.
shortage
noun [C ] B2 • a shortage of something; face a shortage of something; an energy/food/water shortage; a labour/skills/staff shortage; no shortage of something (= a lot of something)
There's a shortage of food and shelter in the refugee camps. | 2. The long hot summer has led to serious water shortages. | 3. There is a severe shortage of low-cost housing in the city.
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brak (np. gotówki), niedobór (np. pracowników), deficyt (budżetowy)
a situation in which there is not enough of something
W obozach dla uchodźców brakuje żywności i schronienia. | 2. Długie, gorące lato doprowadziło do poważnych niedoborów wody. | 3. W mieście poważny jest niedobór tanich mieszkań.
perennial shortage
collocation with shortage noun [C ] B2 • synonyms: chronic lack, persistent deficit, long-term scarcity • perennial shortage of housing/workers/resources; face/suffer/mitigate perennial shortage • freq: 7/10
There’s a perennial shortage of affordable housing in urban areas. | 2. Hospitals face a perennial shortage of qualified nurses.
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wieczny brak, chroniczny niedobór, stały deficyt
a persistent and recurring lack of something essential — such as resources, goods, staff, or funding — that continues over a long period and resists resolution
W miastach trwa wieczny brak tanich mieszkań. | 2. Szpitale zmagają się z chronicznym niedoborem wykwalifikowanego personelu.

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